GLONASS space complex

• Navigational spacecrafts constellation
• Space rocketry complexes
• Ground control, synchronization system
• Special end-user equipment

Special end-user complexes

• Core support facilities
• Earth's rotation determination and prediction utilities
• UTC (SU) generation utilities
• Fundamental astronomic and geodesic characteristics refinement facilities
• Auxiliary functionality
• Wideband differential adjustments and monitoring system (DAMS)
• DAMS and ground-based radiotechnical complementarity implementation facilities
• Regional and local differential systems

A posterior high precision ephemerides and time adjustments determination system

Civilian navigation and time information end-user equipment complex

---

24 satellites (3 planes of 8 satellites)
Orbit type: circular, H = 19,100 km, i = 64.8°
Complete revolution: 11 h 15 min
Equatorial separation of orbits is 120°
Frequency range: L1 ~ 1,6 GHz, L2 ~ 1,25 GHz
Coverage area: globally on Earth surface in air and near-Earth space up to 2000 km altitude
Navigational sightings precision (95 % probability) in standard operating mode:
by planimetric coordinates ~ 20 m
by altitude ~ 30 m
by velocity ~ 5 cm/s
by time linked to RF State time standard ~ 0.7 μs
Navigational sightings precision in differential operating mode:
1 m to 5 m

---

Geometric representation of user's navigational sightings by distance and radial velocity measurements to navigational spacecrafts is an intersection of spheres formed by radii (measured distances from spacecrafts to the user) with centers in spacecrafts locations.